.debugger-0rRmf{display:contents}pre.pre-cE3jF{background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;padding:10px;margin:10px auto;width:var(--standard-width);max-width:var(--standard-max-width);overflow:auto;font-size:10px;line-height:1.5;word-break:break-all;word-wrap:break-word}.article__body-ivA3W{padding-bottom:1.25rem}.article__body-ivA3W figure:has(img[src^="https://counter.theconversation.com"]){width:0;height:0;position:absolute}.bio-LnT3Q{display:block;margin-bottom:1em}.bio-LnT3Q strong{font-weight:inherit}a.bioHeading-ZB9Vy,a.bioLink-kqdDv{text-transform:uppercase;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;text-decoration-color:transparent}a.bioHeading-ZB9Vy:hover,a.bioLink-kqdDv:hover,a.bioHeading-ZB9Vy:focus,a.bioLink-kqdDv:focus{text-decoration-color:var(--color-medium-blue)}a.bioHeading-ZB9Vy{display:inline-block;margin-bottom:.5em}.footnote-RBp25 h3{font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase}.footnote-RBp25 h3:not(:first-child){margin-top:1em}.rights-Y0o9k{text-align:right}.rights-Y0o9k a{font-size:.75rem;font-family:var(--font-display);text-transform:uppercase;transition:all .2s ease-in-out;text-decoration-color:transparent}.rights-Y0o9k a:hover,.rights-Y0o9k a:focus{text-decoration-color:var(--color-medium-blue)}.viewIssue-pzfFx{display:grid;grid-template-columns:80px 1fr;grid-template-rows:min-content 1fr;grid-gap:20px 1rem;gap:20px 1rem;grid-template-areas:"thumb info" "links links"}@media (min-width: 540px){.viewIssue-pzfFx{grid-template-columns:max(80px,min(25%,160px)) 1fr;gap:20px;grid-template-areas:"thumb info" "thumb links"}}.issueThumb-BLiKJ{grid-area:thumb;display:block}.issueThumb-BLiKJ .thumb-gcwPd{-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain;-o-object-position:75% center;object-position:75% center;border-radius:2%}.issueInfo-xUoIO{grid-area:info;font-style:normal}.issueInfo-xUoIO .citation-yDArp i{font-style:normal}.issueInfo-xUoIO .doi-ggMy7{display:inline-block;margin-top:1rem}.issueLinks-VGgNn{grid-area:links}.issueLinks-VGgNn .button-5V-ZC{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;font-size:1rem;color:#fff}.issueLinks-VGgNn .button-5V-ZC:visited{color:#fff}.issueLinks-VGgNn .button-5V-ZC{display:inline-block;text-align:center;font-weight:700;color:#fff;border:none;border-radius:.25rem;padding:.75rem 1rem;margin:0 auto;width:100%;transition:.2s ease-in-out;transition-property:color,background-color,opacity,transform,border-color,box-shadow,filter;background-color:var(--color-blue)}.issueLinks-VGgNn .button-5V-ZC:hover{background-color:var(--color-medium-blue)}@media (min-width: 540px){.issueLinks-VGgNn .button-5V-ZC{max-width:320px}}.footer-u1I4n{width:var(--article-width__text);max-width:calc(100% - 2rem);margin:0 auto;position:relative;display:flex;flex-direction:column;font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.4;font-family:var(--font-sans)}.footer-u1I4n a,.footer-u1I4n a:visited{color:var(--color-black);text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-color:var(--color-medium-blue)}.divide-L7a-x:empty{display:none}.subdivide-5Zp4J:empty{display:none}.divide-L7a-x:not(:empty)~.divide-L7a-x:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-dark-gray);margin:1.25rem 0}.subdivide-5Zp4J:not(:empty)~.subdivide-5Zp4J:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-dark-gray);margin:1.25rem 0}.subdivide-5Zp4J:not(:empty)~.subdivide-5Zp4J:before{width:40px}.spacer-tRrwf{padding-bottom:1.25rem}.eyebrow_dropdown_button-ET-CU{font-family:var(--font-display);background:white;border:1px solid var(--color-light-blue);border-radius:3rem;display:flex;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;justify-content:center;align-items:center;padding:.5rem .875rem;min-height:1.875rem}.eyebrow_dropdown_menu-5p3lW{position:absolute;background:white;box-shadow:0 0 5px #0000004d;list-style:none;padding:0 .625rem;margin:.625rem auto 0;width:100%;z-index:1}.eyebrow_dropdown_menu_item-5DGDy{font-family:var(--font-display);border-bottom:1px dotted black;padding:1.25rem 0}li.eyebrow_dropdown_menu_item-5DGDy:last-of-type{border-bottom:none}.eyebrow_dropdown_menu_item_link-gdWSZ{color:#000;display:flex;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}.eyebrow_dropdown_menu_item_image-U09SJ,.eyebrow_dropdown_menu_item_image__default-TgWwD{height:80px;width:80px}.eyebrow_dropdown_menu_item_image__default-TgWwD{border:1px solid black}.eyebrow_dropdown_menu_item_title-OcGbT{margin-left:.625rem}.eyebrow_dropdown_menu_item_title-OcGbT:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}.eyebrows_container-QeE5W{display:flex;position:relative;width:100%;min-height:2rem}.eyebrows_container__margin_top-8RQXq{margin-top:1rem}.eyebrow-zwKDJ:not(:last-child){margin-right:.75rem}.eyebrow__hidden-WFxmO{display:none}.eyebrow_more_articles_btn-4nfVW{background:var(--color-blue-2);border-radius:5px;color:#fff;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;font-family:var(--font-display);font-weight:700;height:2.875rem;margin:.625rem .625rem 1.25rem;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}.eyebrow_more_articles_btn-4nfVW:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline}.caret-DNnRZ{transform:rotate(0) translate(0);transition:all 1s}.caret__rotate-TeVCQ{transform:rotate(180deg) translate(-6px);transition:all 1s}.whyboxWrap-8Z1VY{--whybox-negative-margin-desktop: -5rem;--whybox-negative-margin-mobile: -6rem;border:1px solid #a4d8ef;background:var(--color-white);font-family:var(--font-serif);font-size:1.125rem;margin:1.25rem auto -5rem;margin:1.25rem auto var(--whybox-negative-margin-desktop) auto;max-width:calc(100% - 2rem);padding:20px;width:var(--article-width__text)}.whyboxWrap-8Z1VY a{color:var(--color-black);text-decoration-thickness:2px;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-color:var(--color-medium-blue)}@media (min-width: 700px){.whyboxWrap-8Z1VY{margin:20px auto var(--whybox-negative-margin-mobile) auto}}.article__header-bUswr{background-color:var(--color-light-gray);margin:0 auto 20px;padding:20px 0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;transition:background 1s}@media (min-width: 700px){.article__header-bUswr{margin-bottom:40px;padding:40px 0}}.article__header__has_whybox-Y6jqI{margin-bottom:5.625rem}.article__header__image_first-8LJm-{background-color:var(--color-light-gray, var(--color-light-gray));margin:0 auto 70px;display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0}.article__header__opinion-pNeWG,.article__header__isSponsored-S2ERb{background-color:var(--color-light-blue-1)}.article__header__isSponsored-S2ERb{margin-bottom:0;background-color:transparent}.article__header__reduce_padding_bottom-lno25{padding-bottom:1rem}.article_hed-9vUZD,.article_dek-bmjfm,.article_date_and_read_time-yLEUt,.article_authors-s5nSV,.article_authors__image_first-in3I-,.article_label_container--8ipP,.article_eyebrows-BqeOV,.article__disclaimer-0p1uB,.sponsored_content__logo_container-l9mOv{width:var(--article-width__text);max-width:calc(100% - 2rem);margin:.25em auto;line-height:1.1}.article_date_and_read_time-yLEUt,.article_authors-s5nSV,.article_authors__image_first-in3I-{font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:.75rem;text-transform:uppercase}.article_date_and_read_time-yLEUt{font-weight:700;display:flex}.article_pub_date-EsKM-{padding-right:.75rem}.article_read_time-zEJJG{border-left:1px solid black;padding-left:.75rem}.article_hed-9vUZD{font-family:var(--font-heading);font-size:1.75rem;font-weight:700}@media (min-width: 700px){.article_hed-9vUZD{font-size:1.875rem}}.article_dek-bmjfm{font-family:var(--font-subheading);font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;margin-bottom:1.25rem}.media_player_after_authors-znwMa.media_player_after_authors-znwMa{margin-top:30px}.article_authors-s5nSV{color:var(--color-medium-gray);line-height:1.5;margin-top:0}.article_authors__link--mMFB{color:var(--color-medium-gray-1);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-medium-gray-1)}.article_authors__link--mMFB:hover{color:var(--color-dark-gray);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-dark-gray)}.article_authors__image_first-in3I-{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-medium-gray);color:var(--color-medium-gray);margin-bottom:1.25rem;padding-bottom:1.25rem}.article_editors__links-V04HR{margin-left:.5rem}.lead_image-fsyNn,.lead_image__image_first-f6TCu{max-width:100%;display:block;margin:2rem auto;width:var(--article-width__inline-art)}.lead_image__image_first-f6TCu{margin:0 auto 2rem;order:-1}@media (min-width: 700px){.lead_image__image_first-f6TCu{max-width:var(--article-width__text)}}.lead_image__img-a95Fr{--w: 3;--h: 2;aspect-ratio:3 / 2;aspect-ratio:var(--w) / var(--h);width:100%;-o-object-position:50% 25%;object-position:50% 25%;max-height:150vw}@media (min-width: 900px){.lead_image__img-a95Fr{max-height:900px}}.lead_image__figcaption-SotM9{margin:.5rem auto;font-size:12px;font-family:var(--font-sans);max-width:calc(100% - 2rem)}@media (min-width: 900px){.lead_image__figcaption-SotM9{max-width:var(--article-width__inline-art)}}.lead_image__caption-0inkv,.lead_image__credit-ztR8W,.lead_image__caption-0inkv p,.lead_image__credit-ztR8W p{display:inline}.lead_image__caption-0inkv a,.lead_image__credit-ztR8W a{color:inherit}.lead_image__caption-0inkv{color:var(--color-dark-gray)}.lead_image__credit-ztR8W{color:var(--color-medium-gray-2)}.article_label--S3mY,.column_label-aTYhe,.article_custom_media_label-VWqoC{color:#fff;background-color:#000;padding:7px;font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;margin-bottom:1rem;max-width:-moz-fit-content;max-width:fit-content}.article_label--S3mY a,.column_label-aTYhe a,.article_custom_media_label-VWqoC a{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}.article_custom_media_label-VWqoC{color:#000;background-color:#fff;border:1px solid black}.column_label-aTYhe{padding:0;background-color:none}.column_label_name-gEDlC{background-color:#000;padding:7px}.column_label_frequency-Q2pUH{background-color:var(--color-blue-2);padding:7px}.media_player_wrapper-7SedF{width:var(--article-width__text);max-width:calc(100% - 2rem);margin:0 auto}.youTubeIframe-YPm0k{aspect-ratio:16 / 9;width:var(--article-width__inline-art);max-width:100%;margin:20px auto}.article__disclaimer-0p1uB{color:var(--color-medium-gray);font-family:var(--font-display);font-size:13px;margin:1rem auto 0}.article__disclaimer-0p1uB p{max-width:500px}.sponsored_content__logo_container-l9mOv{border-top:1px dotted var(--color-dark-gray);padding-top:1.25rem}.sponsored_content__logo-w-dIg{display:inline-block}.sponsored_content__logo-w-dIg img{max-width:140px;max-height:100px;-o-object-fit:contain;object-fit:contain}.sponsored_content__logo-w-dIg:not(:last-child){margin-right:2rem}:root{--article-width__max: 75rem;--article-width__inline-art: 56.25rem;--article-width__text: 43.75rem;--article-background: var(--color-white)}.article-GDG-h{position:relative;width:100%;margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:1.25rem;font-family:var(--font-body);--gutter: 20px;--width-trim: calc(100% - var(--gutter) * 2);--width-wide: var(--article-width__max);--width-art: var(--article-width__inline-art);--width-text: var(--article-width__text)}.article-GDG-h:before{content:"";display:block;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:-1;pointer-events:none;background:#fff;background:var(--article-background, #fff);transition:background 1s}.sponsored-ZxFzO{--article-background: var(--color-light-blue-1)}.sponsored-ZxFzO.scrolled-DAibh,.opinion-Nf5dd{--article-background: var(--color-white)}.opinion-Nf5dd.scrolled-DAibh{--article-background: var(--color-light-blue-1);--cta-border: 1px solid var(--color-medium-gray);--ad-background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .05)}
